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SECRET PART I SOUTH KOREA From: 291200/I Oct 48 To : 051200/I Nov 48 Headquarters, USAFIK Seoul, Korea 5 November 1948 No. 164 MAPS: KOREA 1/250,000 East ASIA, 1/1,000,000 A. ARMED FORCES 1. Strength (Secret) Police: No change Constabulary: 46,280 (including 615 cadets and 18 recruits) Coast Guard: 2,906 (including 257 cadets) NOTE: The above figures do not include casualties and desertions during the recent revolts in CHOLLA-NAMDO and TAEQU. 2. Operational Activity (Confidential) a. Border Incidents - Negative b. Constabulary Operations (Restricted) - Sec B, 3, below) [TABLE] Border Incidents Korean vs Korean 4 6 4 6 2 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 1 2 2 1 48 Firing on US Personnel 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 2 22 Ambushes of US Personnel 1 1 Soviet Violations of Parallel* 1 1 2 Korean Violations of Parallel* 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 10 Soviets vs Koreans 1 1 1 3 TOTAL 7 8 6 7 4 6 2 3 4 4 3 5 5 7 5 3 86 * No firing involved. -3- SECRET DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 B. CURRENT INTELLIGENCE 1. National Assembly (Unclassified) On 04 November the National Assembly passed the "Temporary Law on Local Government Administration" (W/S #162, page 4) over the Presidential veto by a vote of 103 to 16, with 17 abstentions. The vacancy created by RHEE's appointment to the Presidency was filled by an election in Seoul's Tong dai mun "A" district 30 October. The successful candidate, HONG Song Ha, polled 5,402 of 25,375 ballots cast. HONG, 51, is a member of the HANKOOK DEMOCRATIC PARTY. He was an elected member of the Interim Legislative Assembly but was defeated in his home province, CHOLLA NAMDO, on 10 May. New Vice-Minister of Communications (Unclassified) PAK Yong Ha, replaced PAIK Hong Kyun as Vice Minister of Communications on 01 November. No reason was given for the latter's resignation, which was submitted on the same date. PAK Yong Ha was educated in Japan, served as Dean of the Commercial College of Seoul National University, and is not known to be member of any political party. 3. Civil Unrest a. Constabulary Mutiny in CHOLLA-NAMDO(Restricted) Since the reoccupation of YOSU (1070-1300) on 27 October, further activities of Constabulary forces operating against the mutineers have consisted of mopping up mutineer groups in the NAMWAN (1030-1380), KUNYE (1048-1358) PAEGUN-SAN (1060-1340) and CHIRI-SAN (1070-1370) area. On 28 October Constabulary units in the vicinity of MONSU-RI (1053-1362) captured 30 mutineers and confiscated 5 LMG's, 30 cases of .30 cal. ammunition and 1 radio. (C-3) On 02 November 23 mutineers of the 14th Regiment were killed and 20 were captured in the vicinity of KURYE. Ten civilians who had joined the mutineers were also captured. (B-2) Indications that mutineers were still operating was received in a report which stated that on 31 October 50 rioters raided a village approximately 5 miles east of NAMWON. (B-3) An estimated 200 mutineers reportedly escaped south of YOSU to TOLSAN-DO (1078-1289). Coast Guard units were dispatched to this island to clean up any pockets of resistance. (B-2) The following is a recapitulation, as of 30 October, from Korean Sources, of casualties in the 14th Regiment mutiny. CONSTABULARY MUTINEERS O EM Killed 2 27 310 Wounded 3 155 Captured 2327* Missing 3 50 * See next page -4- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 #164. d. Constabulary Mutiny in TAEGU (1150-1430) (Restricted) At approximately 021800 November a mutiny broke out in the 6th Constabulary Regiment when a Constabulary MP Officer was killed by a Constabulary Non-Commissioned Officer who was being arrested for Communist activities. Taking advantage of this incident members of the 6th Regiment, stationed at a rifle range southwest of Camp Skipworth on the outskirts of TAEGU (1150-1430), mutinied. (A-2) Approximately 30 Constabulary MP's were dispatched to the area and engaged the mutineers. The firefight lasted until 021430 November, at which time an estimated 75 of the mutineers, loaded in 4 jeeps, 3 2 1/2 ton trucks and 1 3/4 ton truck, departed from the camp. (B-2). During the afternoon of 02 November 92 of the mutineers, all armed, surrendered to the Commanding Officer of the U.S. 1st Regiment. This group also surrendered 5 trucks and 1 ambulance which they had in their possession. By evening 02 November the 1st Infantry Regiment had 4 officers, 303 enlisted men and 12 civilians under guard in TAEGU. (A-2) At 020735 November a reported 40 or 50 of the mutineers boarded a train, consisting of an engine and 1 coach, in TAEGU and started northwest toward TAEJON (1000- 1450). (The Constabulary men paid their fares.) When they arrived at SINDONG (1147-1450) at 1800 hours, however, a reported 30 or 40 men jumped off the train and ran into the hills. Meanwhile police had made plans to cut the railroad line southeast of TAEJON. (B-2) During the night of 02-03 November 70 armed Constabulary mutineers, loaded in 4 trucks, attacked and captured a police box at CHILCON (1154-1448). Later in the night police from TAEGU recaptured the police box and the mutineers escaped in the direction of WAEGWAM (1139-1454) and KUMCHON (1110-1460). (F-3) Seventy mutineers were surrounded and captured by the police and constabularymen in the KUMCHON area at 030830 November. (B-2) On the morning of 03 November the police were reportedly fighting an estimated 20 mutineers who were holding out in a factory in TAEGU. By morning of 04 November these mutineers had escaped from the factory in small groups. (B-2) All was quiet in the Taegu area on 04 November, and the Constabulary reinforcements had returned to PUSAN (1200-1340). (B-2) The total casualties reported are 4 police killed, 15 police wounded, 21 mutineers killed and 8 mutineers wounded. (C-3) A total of 389 prisoners had been captured by 040830 November. Of this total all were Constabulary enlisted men except 4 Constabulary officers and 12 civilians. (A-2) By 041500 November an additional 23 Constabularymen who had been involved in the mutiny had been captured. (Police Report) -7- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 According to interrogated prisoners, they had intende to attack police boxes on 03 November but the riot had been precipitated prematurely. (A-3) The following material was recovered from the prisoners: 5 Trucks 2 Heavy Machine Guns 1 Ambulance 1 50 Cal. Machine Gun 10 Drums of Gasoline 1 Jap Rifle 1 60 MM Mortar 4,540 Rounds 50 Cal. Ammunition 1 Sub Machine Gun 3,050 Rounds 30 Cal. Ammunition (loose) 6 M1 Carbines 75,000 Rounds 30 Cal. Ammunition (belted) 40 M1 Rifles 56 Rounds 60 MM Mortar Ammunition 1 Light Machine Gun 21 Rounds 81 MM Mortar Ammunition (A-2) COMMENT: Although there have been no specific reports of Communist influence in this riot, it is logical to assume that it existed. Communist elements in the 6th Regiment undoubtedly took advantage of an incident and hoped it would spread into a large scale revolt. The lack of success in this mutiny, as compared with the uprising in CHULLA-NAMDO which began in YUSU, was probably the result of less careful planning by the mutineers, the action taken by the U.S. regimental commander, and prompt action by loyal Constabulary and police. (W/S #163, Page 7) e. Minor Constabulary Mutinies in CHULLA-NAMDO On 29 October about 20 men of the 4th Constabulary Regiment in POSONG (1016-1302) reportedly mutinied and wounded the Regimental Commander. Loyal units of the 4th Regiment subdued the mutineers. (F-6) On 02 November, near NAJU (972-1336), a Battalion Commander of the 4th Constabulary Regiment was shot by his "E" Company Commander. The incident occurred when the Company Commander, acting on orders of the Regimental Commander, attempted to arrest the Battalion Commander. The Company Commander, accompanied by 50 Constabulary, fled into the mountains near NAJU. Two companies were sent into the area to round up the mutineers. (B-2) COMMENT: It is possible that disaffected elements within the Constabulary have been encouraged by the initial success of the incident which began at YUSU on 19 October. Whatever the reason, disaffected elements came out in the open and identified themselves; this is considered a healthy situation which can be easily controlled as long as these disaffected elements continue to appear in small groups. -8- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 RECENT REVOLT AREAS IN SOUTH KOREA [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] 1700 Chajin Yensei Shewon Chumshen KANG WON-DO Kangdung 1650 PYONGGY DU Seoul Pontundango Kwangju Inchon Jmno[illegible] 1600 Keaju Anyons CHUNGCHONG 1550 Sosan PUNTO CHUNGCHONG Chonju NAMDO 1500 Taejon Yongdong KYONGSANG = PUNTO Kumchon Kumsan Yhog-on Dongju Taegu 1450 Iri Chonju CHOLLA = PUNTO 1400 [illegible] RS Sunchong Namwon KYONGSAN = N.I.DO 1350 Kurye Hadong Pusan Naju Suyangyang Sunchon Kosong CHOLLA NAMCO 1300 Mokpo Yosu 1250 Chisado TSUSHIMA Jando 1100 SOUTH KOREA 1150 Cheju CHEJU-DO 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1 RECENT REVOLT AREAS IN SOUTH KOREA -9- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I f. Communist Activity (Restricted) (1) Confirmation of the fact that the SOUTH KOREA LABOR PARTY was preparing gifts to be sent to the Russians was received during the period. In a KWANGJU (990- 1350) textile factory, police confiscated silk handkerchiefs embroidered with leftist propaganda and good wishes to the Russians. (B-2) The SOUTH KOREA LABOR PARTY and its affiliates have continued to maintain their intensified propaganda campaign throughout South Korea with handbills and posters containing the usual "party line." (2) The following reports concerning data for communist riots and disturbances have been received during the period of this report; these are in addition to those reported previously (W/S #157, #158, #160, #162 & #163): (a) "In the very near future, approximately 50 leftist employees of the CHONGPYONG (1040-1660) electric power plant, in conjunction with leftist elements of the UNITED YOUNG MEN's PARTY and the KOREAN NATIONAL YOUTH CORPS, plan to sabotage the power plant and the transportation system utilized to carry timbers from CHONGPYONG." (C-2) (b) "The SOUTH KOREA LABOR PARTY has made plans for a revolt at a station in the Northeast part of South Korea on 10 December 1948. This revolt is to include sailors and constabularymen who are to be contacted by agents from North Korea." (C-6) (c) "Officials and businessmen of the INCHON City Committee believe that the SOUTH KOREA LABOR PARTY will instigate uprisings throughout South Korea on 19 November 1948." (C-3) (d) "Disturbances planned by leftists in the KANGNUNG (1180-1660) area have been postponed until 15 November 1948, in order to permit the farmer-raiders to complete the harvesting of their rice crops." (C-3) (e) "Arrested members of the SOUTH KOREA LABOR PARTY and the DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES FRONT revealed that plans had been made to attack and destroy the main YONGDONG PO (990+1835) police station and the offices of the rightist GREAT KOREAN LABOR ALLIANCE." (C-3) (f) "Each cell in the city of SEOUL is preparing for a disturbance which is connected with the YOSU (1170- 1300) rebellion. The disturbance will be on 05 November 1948, starting in INCHON (960-1630) and moving toward SEOUL." (C-3) -10- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I (3) Guerrilla Activities on CHEJU DO (Restricted) During the period, intensified constabulary operations against the guerrillas resulted in many casualties to them, including approximately 146 guerrillas killed. (C-3) In one fire fight against the raiders, the second in command of the CHEJU DO "Peoples Army," one LEE, Duk Soo, was killed. (A-1) Quantities of ammunition, weapons and clothing have also been confiscated from the guerrillas. No constabulary casualties have been reported. Several delayed reports disclosed that the guerrillas made 4 attacks on the police and 2 attacks on rightists. These acts resulted in the death of 4 police, 4 rightists and 2 guerrillas. (4) Communist Violence (Restricted) (NOTE: The following charts do not include any figures on the YOSU or TAEGU outbreaks) (a) Weekly Violence Summary as reported up to 05 November: [TABLE WITH COLUMNS: SEOUL, KYONGGI-DO, KANGWON-DO, CHUNGCHONG BUKDO, CHUNGCHONG NAMDO, CHEOLLA BUKDO, CHEOLLA NAMDO, KYONGSANG BUKDO, KYONGSANG NAMDO, CHEJU DO, HWANGHAE DO, TOTAL] Attacks on towns Attacks on police Attacks on constabulary Police killed Rightists killed Constabulary killed Communist killed 146 146 Demon, disorders, arson & attacks on rightists Attacks on Govt. Bldgs Sabotage: RR lines Communications Roads Power Strikes: Labor Schools -11- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 M/S #164 PART I (b) Delayed Reports which were not Covered in Last Week's Summary (M/S #163, page 8) (Restricted) [Column headers - partially illegible due to rotated text] SEOUL | KYONGI-DO | KANGWON-DO | CHUNGCHONG | HAMDO | CHUNGCHONG | FUNKО | CHOLLA | REIDO | FUNKО | NI CENSUG | NI CENSUG FUNKO | CHEJU DO | KWANG-AS DO | TOTAL Attacks on towns Attacks on police Killed: Police 4 4 Rightists 4 4 Constabulary Communists 1 2 3 Demon,disorders, arson & attacks on rightists 2 2 Attacks on Govt Bldgs Sabotage: RR lines Communications Roads Bridges Power Strikes: Labor Schools (c) 1948 Communist Activities in South Korea (Restricted) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV* TOTAL Attacks on towns 5 73 9 1 4 92 Attacks on police 130 118 50 86 12 11 11 4 9 431 Attacks on constabulary 3 3 Killed: Police 33 20 15 34 4 1 5 11 15 136 Rightists 1 14 14 81 144 51 10 1 7 12 335 Constabulary 1 1 Communists 1 74 75 70 155 83 33 22 1 151 7 681 Demon, disorders, arson & attacks on rightists 6 118 69 126 196 81 24 12 7 11 650 Attacks on Govt Bldg 9 14 2 9 3 37 Sabotage: Communication 14 53 58 32 57 8 1 2 223 Railroad lines 1 12 6 8 1 1 29 Locomotives 50 24 74 Roads 13 5 2 5 1 1 27 Bridges 6 9 5 4 24 Power 7 1 8 Strikes: Labor 14 6 3 16 1 40 School 7 5 4 9 25 *Incomplete -12- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I d. Other Violence (Restricted) (1) No rightist-inspired acts of violence were reported during the period. (2) A summary of acts of violence on the part of persons of unknown political affiliations as reported up to 05 November 1948 is as follows: [TABLE WITH COLUMNS: SEOUL / KYONGI I / DO / KANGWON-DO / CHUNGCHONG / DO / CHUNGCHONG / NANDO / CHOLLA / PUKTO / CHOLLA / NANDO / KYONGSANG / PUKTO / KYONGSANG / NANDO / CHEJU DO / [illegible] DO / TOTAL] Assassinations Anti-grain collection Political terrorism Demonstration Resistance to Arrest Unclassified Attacks on police 1 1 Attacks on constabulary Attacks on Govt bldgs Arson Attack on individuals Sabotage: Communication Railroad lines Power Bridges Strikes: Labor Schools (3) Delayed Reports which were not covered in last week's summary (W/S #163, page 10): (Restricted) [TABLE WITH COLUMNS: SEOUL / KYONGI I-DO / KANGWON-DO / CHUNGCHONG / DO / CHUNGCHONG / NANDO / CHOLLA / PUKTO / CHOLLA / NANDO / KYONGSANG / PUKTO / KYONGSANG / NANDO / CHEJU DO / [illegible] DO / TOTAL] Assassinations Anti-grain collection Political terrorism Demonstrations Resistance to arrest Arson Unclassified 2 2 Attacks on police Attacks on constabulary Attacks on individuals 2 2 Attacks on Govt bldgs 1 1 Sabotage: Communications Railroad lines Power Bridges Strikes: Labor Schools -13- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I (4) Monthly summary of facts of violence on the part of persons of unknown political affiliations (Restricted) |JUL |AUG |SEP | OCT |NOV* | TOTAL| Assassinations 7 4 8 19 Anti-grain collection 9 1 1 11 Political terrorism 1 1 2 Demonstrations 15 9 3 27 Resistance to arrest 5 9 14 Arson 2 3 5 Unclassified 11 11 6 28 Attacks on police 1 2 2 5 Attacks on Constabulary 1 1 Attacks on individuals 4 3 6 13 Attacks on Govt badges 1 1 Sabotage: Communications 1 4 4 2 11 Railroad lines 2 2 Power Bridges Strikes: Labor Schools 1 1 * Incomplete o. Civil Unrest Map (Restricted) SEE NEXT PAGE -14- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I CIVIL UNREST MAP HWANGHAE-DO KANGWON-DO 38° △ Chunchon △ Seoul KYONGGI-DO YELLOW SEA CHUNGCHONG PUKTO CHUNGCHONG NAMDO △ Chongju KYONGSANG Taejon△ PUKTO ⊠ △ Chonju b Taegu CHOLLA PUKTO KYONGSANG NAMDO △ Kwangju CHOLLA [illegible] Pusan NAMDO [illegible] 135( )11 △ Cheju CHEJU DO SOUTH KOREA ( ) Communists Killed ⊠ Attacks on Police Involving Unknowns --15-- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I C. WAR POTENTIAL 1. Cost-of-Living (Unclassified) RICE PRICE SUMMARY MONTHLY AVERAGE (Unit: 1 small metric mal (18.48 lbs) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP* OCT** Seoul 817 821 778 721 814 985 1158 1200 1364 810 Kangwon Do 870 946 849 825 898 1012 1136 1133 770 Chungchong Namdo 793 778 674 634 726 946 1037 1083 1100 Chungchong Pukto 645 723 719 660 795 1037 990 1033 798 Kyongsang Namdo 715 778 715 704 733 955 1070 950 1100 Kyongsang Pukto 594 605 552 605 641 888 1081 1050 1062 Cholla Namdo 614 633 559 595 801 963 1109 1008 1040 Cholla Pukto 669 669 605 623 773 935 1036 1200 1045 Cheju Do 806 748 679 814 806 1081 1879 1033 AVERAGE 713 744 681 725 777 978 1166 1087 1034 SOURCE: National Price Administration (except Sept & Oct prices). * Incomplete ** 29 October price: SOURCE: Open markets (5) in SEOUL; price is for the metric mal (18.48 lbs. or 10 liters). Currency Exchange Rate: U.S. dollar equals 1, 100 won (Open Market) Military Payment Script equals 520 won. 2. Population: (Restricted) a. Surrendered and disarmed: No change 179,920 b. Progress of Repatriation This Period To Date Japanese civilians arriving from north of 38° N. Korea, China and Manchuria 0 288,535 Japanese evacuated to Japan 0 884,972 Total Koreans returning 1,540 2,180,552 Total repatriates moved since 15 August 1945 3,067,909 Koreans apprehended while attempting illegal entry into Japan 0 25,594 -16- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I D. PSYCHOLOGICAL 1. Constabulary Revolt (Unclassified) a. The Press: Humorous newspapers in SEOUL continued their discussion of the causes for the uprising of the Korean Constabulary on 19 October. The reasons for the revolt were dwelt upon particularly by MIN JU ILBO (Democratic News) and CHOSUN ILBO (Korean Daily News), both moderate. MIN JU stated that the "barbaric activities" of the insurrectionists "teach us how terrible the murder of our own people can be." The writer said that when the first news of the outbreak in the 14th Regiment had been received it was hoped that the incident was a mere "demonstration," but later, unfortunately, the development took on the appearance of a "civil war." The writer warned that if disturbances continue, foreign forces will not be withdrawn from Korea and that the recent revolt may furnish an excuse for continued occupation. MIN JU declared that it advocates the withdrawal of foreign forces because, it asserts, "we have the capability to govern ourselves." The editor opined that the insurrection weakened the basis for his paper's support of withdrawal. CHOSUN ILBO termed the outbreak in the south as "very regrettable" and urged the people and the government to cooperate in developing a policy which would preclude further rupture of the peace which might prove to cause the downfall of the nation. This newspaper described the revolt as "one of the worst international developments in the history of the Korean nation" and placed some degree of blame for the incident on the "comparatively young and immature students who demonstrated their youthful strength without any consideration for right or wrong." In part, the paper stated, the fault for this lies with many educators who have neglected their responsibilities to engage in profiteering. b. Radio PYONGYANG: The communist-operated radio in PYONGYANG broadcast the collapse of the constabulary rebellion with extreme reluctance, but in so doing a full effort was made to place the entire responsibility for the bloodshed in the south on the United States. The communists announced that American personnel "directly participated in crushing the citizens who were attempting to save their countrymen from slaughter and destruction at the hands of the enemies of the people." It was reported by PYONGYANG that YOSU was "indiscriminately shelled" by tanks and ships "directed by the Americans," and that landings at YOSU were facilitated by American personnel. Writers of the PYONGYANG reports distorted various news dispatches which dealt with American advice to the armed forces of the Republic of Korea on supply and tactical problems. Such reports were augmented with commentary on agreements between RHEE's "puppet government" and the United States, the transfer of American airplanes to the "so-called government," and the visit of RHEE Syng Man with General MacARTHUR in which the latter "pledged the defense of the South Korean government." In a kind of a maneuver which is no longer astonishing, the communists attempted to vilify the Americans for actively protecting "the enemies of the people, the pro-Japanese and national traitors, from liquidation by the people's courts" (see W/S #163, page 17 and par B, 3c above). On 01 November when the southern revolt was reduced to a search for renegades, PYONGYANG announced that "the people...are launching guerrilla warfare everywhere fiercer than before." The insurgents were reported to be in the midst of a "fierce counteroffensive against...the city of YOSU, and were conducting an aggressive mopping-up operation against the pro-Japanese, national traitors, vicious policemen and other enemies of the people...." -17- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #164 PART I COMMENT: YOSU was permanently retaken by loyal forces on 27 October, four days before this PYONGYANG broadcast. Throughout the revolt PYONGYANG showed ability to keep up-to-the-minute in reporting the "victories" of the rebels. Uprisings in CHEJU DO and TAEGU were reported with a similar glorification of the activities of "the people" who "arose from oppression." The inspiration for the "great revolution" against imperialism and for democracy came with the exploits of LENIN and STALIN, said PYONGYANG. In 1917, as now, the communists implied, the proletarians face the bourgeois in the fight for "world democracy." 2. Freedom of the Press KOOK MIN SHIN MUN Closed a. Director of Public Information KIM Dong Sung revoked the license of the Seoul newspaper KOOK MIN SHIN MUN (National News) on 29 October. The action against the newspaper was based on Section IV, Paragraph "e" of USAMGIK Ordinance Number 88, dated 29 May 1946, which states that the license of "any newspaper or other periodical may be revoked or suspended by the licensing authority" for "violation of the law," among other reasons. The law the newspaper was charged with violating was established in 1906. The provision of this law violated by the newspaper forbids the publication of any statement "detrimental to international friendship." Three weeks ago Director KIM indicated that legal steps would be taken against the newspaper by the government for publishing a "false story" concerning an alleged American-inspired major reorganization of the present cabinet (W/S #161, page 13). b. Several SEOUL newspapers expressed their opposition to the action of the government in closing the KOOK MIN SHIN MUN and curtailing the operations of the Korea Press. The actions were described as premature in that the guilt of the persons charged with responsibility for the publication of news detrimental to the new government has not yet been established (W/S 162, page 5). Right-wing Right-wing DAI DONG SHIN MUN (Great Eastern News) termed the government action as "harsh" and "unfortunate." The paper recalled that the governments of Germany, Japan and Italy had not their downfall partly as a result of suppression much as this. 3. SABOTAGE AND ESPIONAGE Negative -18- DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070