주한미육군사령부 정보참모부 주간요약보고

PART I SOUTH KOREA From: 161200/1 July 48 To : 231200/1 July 48 Headquarters, USAFIK Seoul, Korea 23 July 1948 No. 149 Maps: KOREA, 1/250,000 East ASIA, 1/1,000,000 A. ARMED FORCES 1. Strength: (Secret) Police: No change Constabulary: 56,013 (including 3,695 unsworn recruits). Screening continues. Coast Guard: 2,925 2. Operational Activity (Confidential) a. Border Incidents On 17 July members of the North Korean Constabulary attacked 3 South Korean police about 50 yards south of the parallel in the vicinity of NAESONG (890-1690). (Police Report) At 190100 July approximately 8 Koreans in civilian clothes ambushed 5 American soldiers during the relief of the two-man guard posted at OP 9, a road block at (929.9-1696.4). This carefully-prepared attack resulted in the killing of 1 U.S. soldier and the wounding of another. The weapons, cartridge belts and vehicle were taken into North Korea by the attackers. (B-1) COMMENT: This marks the first fatality in attacks made by North Koreans on U.S. personnel. Patrols were ambushed (one men wounded) near (915-1695) on 14 May 1948 (W/S #139) and near (1009-1696) on 15 May 1948 (W/S #140). Since 01 April, reports have been received of 14 incidents in which U.S. military and civilian personnel have been fired at from North of the parallel. At 190425 July an American officer was fired on from north of the 38th parallel near (935.2-1696.5). (B-2) At 210200 July 30 North Korean Constabularymen attempted to attack a South Korean police box at UPO-RI (941.6-1695.3). They were detected, however, and withdrew. (Police Report) b. Attacks on American Personnel On 18 July 2 American military policemen were fired upon at a check-point between CHINHAE (1165-1351) and MASAN (1157-1325). (C-3) c. Constabulary Action on CHEJU-DO South Korean Constabulary action on CHEJU-DO was limited to a regrouping of troops. The 11th Regiment, which was located on CHEJU-DO is scheduled to close in the SUWON (1102-1609), area 23 July. Two battalions of the 3rd Brigade, to be attached to the 9th Regiment moved from PUSAN to CHEJU-DO on 21 July. 3 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I B. CURRENT INTELLIGENCE 1. National Assembly a. Proceedings (1) Government Organization Law: The Government Organization Law (see par. B, 1, c) was passed by the National Assembly on 16 July by a vote of 107 to 2, with 145 assemblymen present. (2) Signing of the Constitution: The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Korea (see W/S #148, Inclosure #2) was signed at a simple but impressive ceremony at the 32nd session of the National Assembly on 17 July. RHEE Syng Man, the Speaker, signed the document in the presence of the Commanding General, the Military Governor, the Deputy Military Governor, Brigadier General John WECKERLING, U.S. Liaison Officer with UNTOOK and a few other American guests. From UNTOOK, only T. SSUTU and WANG Gung-Haung (CHINA), Custodib [illegible] VILLALVA (PHILLIPPINE ISLANDS) attended, as individuals (see W/S #148, B, 1, a). LIU Yu-Wan appeared in the capacity of Chinese Consul. Two copies of the Constitution were signed: one written in ChineseKorean classical language and the other in Korean script, KookMoon. (3) RHEE Elected President: RHEE Syng Man was elected president of the Democratic Republic of Korea at the 33rd session of the National Assembly on 20 July. Balloting was orderly; the only disruption of the otherwise smooth proceedings occurred when a vote was cast for Philip JAISOHN (see W/S #147, I, B, 3). The objection was raised that JAISOHN is not a citizen of KOREA and is therefore ineligible for the presidency. The National Assembly agreed to the withdrawal of his name from the contest. To the surprise of no one, RHEE won easily on the first ballot. One hundred ninety-six members were registered present and all participated in the secret balloting. The totals received by the various candidates follow: RHEE Syng Man............................180 KIM Koo.................................. 13 AHN Chai Hong............................ 2 Invalid vote............................. 1 ___ 196 (4) LEE Si Yung Elected Vice-President: On the afternoon of 20 July, LEE Si Yung, 81 year-old member of the 1919 Korean Provisional Government, was elected Vice-President of the Democratic Republic of KOREA. As in the voting for president that morning, the session was conducted without any interruptions of consequence. Two ballots were required. The results of the first ballot follows: LEE Si Yung.............................. 113 KIM Koo.................................. 65 CHO Man Sik.............................. 10. OH Sei Chang............................. 5 CHANG Taik Sang.......................... 3 SUH Sang Il.............................. 1 ___ 197 Because no candidate received the necessary two-thirds plurality, a second vote was taken, with the following results: LEE Si Yung..............................133 KIM Koo.................................. 62 LEE Koo Soo.............................. 1 Invalid votes............................ 1 ___ 197 4 DECLASSIFIED Authority N[illegible]D745070 미국자료 IV 197 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I COMMENT: After several days of private discussions concerning the suitability of various candidates for the vice presidency, RHEE, prior to t' balloting, publicly advised the Assemblymen that careful consideration be given to selecting the proper persons as vice president. He said that such noted and loyal Koreans as LEE Si Yung, OH Sei Chang and Cho Man Sik are worthy of the high office and any one of them, would be acceptable to him. Reportedly RHEE seriously considered LEE Si Yung for the premiership. It was also reported that CHO Man Sik, former Chairman of the CHOSUN DEMOCRATIC PARTY who has long been in house arrest in North KOREA was his choice for the vice-presidency. The HANKOOK DEMOCRATIC PARTY, however decided to back LEE for vice-president in order to remove the possibility that he would become premier, the HDP purportedly preferring a younger man -preferably a HANKOOK -- for the spot. Allegedly RHEE was persuaded not to press his advocation of CHO Man Sik because CHO would probably be killed if elected. Noteworthy was the degree of loyalty shown KIM Koo in a body which he still refuses to support (see Part I, B, 2). (5) Adjournment: Following the election of RHEE and LEE (both names are pronounced YI, or YEE, in Korean), RHEE suggested that the Assembly adjourn for one week to permit time for the selection of a suitable person as Prime Minister. The Assembly voted to recess until 27 July. b. Analysis of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of KOREA An analysis of the Korean Constitution adopted by the National Assembly on 12 July 1948 has been made by Charles PERGLER, Special Legal Consultant to the Military Governor. A brief of the analysis appears below. 1. Rights And Duties- Of Citizens Chapter II is in the nature of a Bill of Rights. It will be noticed, however, that certain rights are guaranteed to citizens; for instance "all citizens shall have personal freedom and no citizen shall be arrested, detained, searched, tried, punished or subjected to compulsory labor unless according to law" (Article 9) or "the privacy of correspondence of all citizens shall remain inviolate and shall not be interfered with except in accordance with law" (Article 11). With regard to these provisions and others this terminology probably will exclude non-citizens from the protection of many provisions of the Bill of Rights. In the UNITED STATES basic rights of all persons are protected expressly by such provisions as the 5th Amendment to the Federal Constitution which provides that "no person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless indicted by a grand jury" and by provisions of the 14th Amendment "that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, or deny the equal protection of laws." It is true that Chapter I attempts to obviate any possible objection arising from granting of civil rights only to citizens in declaring that "the duly ratified and published treaties and generally recognized rules of international law shall be valid as a binding constituent part of the law of KOREA. The status of aliens shall be guaranteed within the scope of international law and international treaties." The difficulty with this provision is that frequently there is disagreement as to what are the recognized rules of international law. German courts, in effect, succeeded in nullifying a similar provision of their own law by holding that certain alleged rules of international law were not recognized by Germany and therefore are not "generally recognized rules of international law." It must be admitted, however, that the wording of this Constitution with regard to rights of citizens is not without precedents, for the German "Weimar" Constitution and the Irish Free State Constitution used the word citizen. It would appear therefore, on the basis of some of these precedents, that no objection could be raised to the wording of the Constitution adopted by the Korean National Assembly. But it should be said 5 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 74507o XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I that if uncertainties are to be removed and proper treatment guaranteed to aliens, adequate treaties should be negotiated since these, under Article 7, would then govern and be perfectly constitutional. The Bill of Rights follows the pattern of so many countries which seem to guarantee certain basic rights but as against legislative power make the guarantee rather meaningless when in such cases such privileges are followed by a statement that these rights are "regulated by law" and by a statement that certain acts are not permitted "except as specified by law." Experience in European countries has shown that a constitution so drawn is, at best, a guide for the legislature, but its guarantees are not enforceable against the legislative power. As an illustration, Article 13 states "citizen shall not be subjected to any restrictions on freedom of speech, press, assembly and association except as specified by law." Constitutions of a numbe of European countries containing this guarantee have retained censorship which existed under prior undemocratic regimes. 2. International Treaties Article 42 provides that "the National Assembly shall have the right to consent to treaties concerning international organization, peace treaties, treaties pertaining to mutual aid, commercial treaties, treaties financially incumbent upon the state or the people, or related to legislative affairs and declare war against a foreign state." This is fairly comprehensive and would seem to include most treaties known to international practice. Howe there is one item which is not very clear. Just what is meant by the expression "treaties pertaining to mutual aid" is open to doubt. If mutual aid refers to treaties of alliance and those of a military nature, then the constitution meets modern democratic requirements requiring a certain amount of control by the people's representatives in the field of foreign relations, particularly with regard to war and peace. If the article does not include treaties of military alliance and those of a military type, then it reverts to situations which in the past have been severely criticized on the grounds of secret diplomacy and as committing countries to acts of a most serious kind without popular sanction. 3. Qualifications of Assembly Members Article 45 provides that "the National Assembly shall investigue the qualifications of its members, establish its own rules of procedure and decide upon discipline and punishment of its members. The concurrence of twothirds of the members duly qualified and seated shall be necessary for the expulsion of a member of the National Assembly." Power of expulsion is a very serious matter and may be abused, especially in a country where strong political passions are rather the rule than the exception. It is a power, however, which exists elsewhere. The legislative bodies of the governments of the UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE and MEXICO have or have had the power. 4. Impeachment Clause Articles 46 and 47 provide for the impeachment of the presiden and vice-president and other officials "if in the exercise of their duties they violate the provisions of the Constitution or other laws." These articles contemplate the establishment of an impeachment court of five Justices of the Supreme Court and five members of the National Assembly with the Vice-President presiding, except that when the President or Vice-President shall be tried the Chief Justice shall preside. The provision for five members of the Assembly balancing the five Justices of the Supreme Court could very easily provide a political tinge in the court, since no one can be convicted without concurrence two-thirds of the Judges. If not the Justices of the Supreme Court, certainly the Assembly members, could, and in all probability would, be actuated by political or partisan motives. 5. Powers of the President The President and Vice-President shall be elected by the Nation Assembly. The election of the chief executive by the legislative body is 6 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I usual in countries with a parliamentary form of government where the President is hardly more than a representative of the state, the real executive being the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. Provisions of Article 66 would seem to contemplate the usual principle of ministerial responsibility, for this article declares that "the acts of the President pertaining to State Affairs shall be executed in written documents and all such documents shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister and Ministers concerned." This would seem to adopt the rule that the actions of the President must be signed by a Minister who answers to the Assembly. This, however, is not necessarily so because under Article 69 "the President shall appoint the Prime Minister with the consent of the National Assembly..... the Ministers shall be appointed by the President." It will be noted that only the appointment of the Prime Minister must have the consent of the Assembly. Thus the responsibility of the Ministers appears to be to the President rather than to the Assembly. Furthermore, since the President can remove all Ministers, the President can remove a recalcitrant Minister and appoint an obedient one in order to obtain his signature. There are no provisions for Ministers to resign if the Assembly resolves upon a vote of nonconfidence in the cabinet or any individual thereof. It would seem to be contemplated that this would not be required since the President may remove members of the cabinet. A conflict might arise if the cabinet refused to resign in the face of a vote of a lack of confidence. This is all the more so since the President is a member of the State Council and presides over it. In such a situation there may or may not be a possibility that the conflict could be resolved by impeachment. Article 57 confers extraordinary powers upon the President for it declares that "in time of civil war or any dangerous situation arising from foreign relations or in case of a natural calamity or in the event of a grave economic of financial crisis it is necessary to take urgent measures for the maintenance of public order and security, the President shall have the right to issue orders having the effect of law or to make necessary financial dispositions, provided, however, that the President shall exercise such power exclusively if time is lacking for the convocation of the National Assembly." This power could easily be misused to establish, in effect, a dictatorship, especially since there is no standard laid down as to what may or may not be considered a national emergency. Who shall judge whether there is a "grave economical or financial crisis." It is true that under other provisions of the same article "such orders or dispositions shall be reported without delay to the National Assembly for confirmation. If confirmation of the National Assembly is not obtained such orders or dispositions shall lose their effect thereupon and the President shall announce it without delay." While theoretically this latter provision may be something of a safeguard against presidential abuse of power, the fact is that prior to the meeting of the Assembly the President can so establish himself in power that his acts could not be undone. Under article 62 "the President shall appoint and remove government officials in accordance with the Constitution and the law." It is true that appointment of certain officials such as Justices of the Supreme Court, Procurator General and the President of a National University, Ambassadors, etc., are to be submitted "for decision" to the State Council. This council is virtually in the hands of the President himself, however. Great or even unlimited power of appointment enables the Chief Executive firmly to entrench himself in power . The power of proclaiming a state of siege or, as it is sometimes called, martial law, is conferred upon the President by Article 64. According to this article "the President shall proclaim a state of siege in accordance with the provisions of law." Much will therefore depend upon the laws to be promulgated by the Assembly. 6. Courts This Chapter is rather sketchy and will have to be supplemented by legislation. The appointment of the Chief Justice requires approval of the National Assembly. The other Justices may be appointed by the Executive withou confirmation by the parliamentary body. 7 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I Article 81 evidently recognizes the necessity of some review from the standpoint of constitutionality. The article contemplates the establishment of what is called the "Constitutional Committee." When controversies arise in court with respect to constitutionality the court shall proceed in accordance with the decision of a "Constitutional Committee." It is not clear, however, just how constitutional questions may be raised. Furthermore, this constitutional committee is to be composed of five Justices of the Supreme Court and five members of the National Assembly with the VicePresident presiding. Thus, again, in view of the representation of the Assembly, a decision may be governed by political considerations, especially since "a decision holding a law unconstitutional requires a two-thirds majority of the Constitutional Committee." 7. Economy This chapter exhibits very strong tendencies toward state socialism. Article 85 provides that "mines and other important mineral resources, marine resources, water power and natural power which can be utilize economically shall be owned by the State," and under Article 87 "important transportation, communications enterprises, financial and insurance institution electricity, irrigation, water supply, gas and any enterprise having public character shall be managed by the government or by a juridical person or public law." The power to nationalize is very great, including as it does insurance and even financial institutions, i.e., banks, trust companies, etc. The tendency toward state socialism appears even more clearly from the provisions of Article 88 which states that "private enterprises shall be transferred to state or public ownership or their management shall be placed under control or supervision of the state or juridical persons of public law, when it is deemed urgently necessary in accordance with provisions of law." Under these provisions the whole economic life of the country can be placed under the control of the state, although the alternate provision "control or supervision of the state or the public" may indicate possibilities of ownership of utilities by municipal corporations or even by corporations organized for the purpose. A provision relating to economical life appears in the Bill of Rights. Article 18 provides that "workers employed in private enterprise shall be entitled to join in the profits of such enterprises in accordance with provisions of the law." The provisions may or may not mean much because they would have to be supplemented by legislation. For the government to legislate adequately and with any degree of certainty in this field many difficulties of an administrative nature would have to be overcome. Provisions for land reform in Article 86 are very general. "Farm land shall be distributed to self-tilling farmers," but "the method of distribution, the extent of possession and limits of ownership shall be determined by law." Thus the important question of land reform remains open. 8. Finance Under this Chapter the Government "shall submit to the National Assembly at the beginning of each fiscal year for decision a budget," but a subsequent clause contains a serious limitation upon the National Assembly with regard to budgetary matters in the provision "that the National Assembly shall neither subtract any items of expenditure nor establish any items of expenditure without concurrence of the Government." Thus the power of the purse is not completely in the hands of the National Assembly but is shared with the Government. 9. Local Government Articles 96 and 97 deal with local governmental organizations but they are very general in nature and leave intact the present extremely centralized government under which there is local administration but no local self-government. The present system of appointment of the more important local officers is a perfect set-up for the Chief Executive to build up a strong political machine and makes possible even the establishment of somethin in the nature of a dictatorship. Furthermore, a highly centralized state 8 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I such as Korea is and evidently will continue to be under this constitution makes easy a coup d'etat. Once the central government is seized virtually the whole machinery of government is controlled by the new authorities. c. Governmental Structure of Democratic Republic of Korea (1) Government Organization Law (See Para B. 1. a.) The following is the text of the Government Organization Law passed by the National Assembly on 16 July: (For organization chart, see page 13). GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION LAW CONTENTS Chapter I General Rules Chapter II State Council and Prime Minister Chapter III Departments of the Executive Branch Chapter IV Organizations Subordinate to the Prime Minister Chapter V Civil Service Committee Chapter VI Inspection Committee Supplementary Rules Chapter I - General Rules Section 1: The purpose of this law shall be to determine the basic principles of the organization of the Government with a view to performing the affairs of state uniformly and efficiently. Section 2: The President, as head of the Executive Branch, shall direct and control all organizations of the Executive Branch in accordance with the laws and ordinances. He may suspend or repeal orders or dispositions established by the Prime Minister, Department Chiefs, and heads of local administrative bodies in case such orders or dispositions are deemed improper or illegal. Section 3: The following types of administrative agencies shall be established: boards, departments, offices, divisions, and committees; the following types of subordinate administrative agencies shall be established: secretariats, bureaus, and sections. The establishment and organization of administrative agencies shall be determined by law; the establishment and scope of jurisdiction of subordinate administrative agencies shall be determined by presidential orders. Section 4: Whenever it is deemed necessary, each administrative agency may establish local branch offices and bureaus in order to subdivide its activities in accordance with the provisions of law. Section 5: Whenever it is deemed necessary, each administrative agency may, within its jurisdiction, establish, in accordance with presidential orders, cultural and public institutions such as museums, museums of science, libraries, academies for art and engineering, laboratories, experimental and research institutions, and advisory agencies such as boards of investigation and committe Section 6: The establishment of all organizations and institutions under the provisions of this law must in all respects correspond to the budget. Section 7: Regulations pertaining to the chart of the various Government agencies, provided by this law, the classification of the Government employees and the number and compensation of Government employees shall be determined by presidential order. 9 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I Chapter 2 - State Council and Prime Minister Section 8: It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister to coordinate and adjust all matters which shall be referred to the meeting of the State Council. Section 9: The Prime Minister shall, under the orders of the President, supervise the chiefs of the various departments of the Executive Branch of the Government; he may suspend or repeal orders or dispositions of each department of the Executive Branch which are deemed illegal or improper. Section 10: The Prime Minister shall, under the orders of the President, submit proposed Government bills, the budget and other matters to the National Assembly; he shall report to the National Assembly on general state affairs. Section 11: The Prime Minister shall, in all matters related to his jurisdiction, control and supervise the administrative heads of the provinces. Section 12: In case the Prime Minister is unable to perform his duties for some reason, the President shall deputize another minister to carry out his duties temporarily. Section 13: The following persons shall be authorized to speak in the meetings of the State Council: First: Each office director as provided by law; Second: Other persons specified by law. Chapter III - Departments of the Executive Branch Section 14: The Executive Branch of the Government shall be composed of the following departments; each department shall have one Chief: (1) Department of Internal Affairs; (2) Department of Foreign Affairs; (3) Department of National Defense; (4) Department of Finance; (5) Department of Justice; (6) Department of Education; (7) Department of Agriculture and Forestry; (8) Department of Commerce and Industry; (9) Department of Social Affairs; (10) Department of Transportation; (11) Department of Communications. Section 15: The Chief of the Department of Internal Affairs shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to internal security, general administration on the provincial level of Government in all matters not specifically assigned to the jurisdiction of other departments of the National Government, election of members of the National Assembly, public works and fire prevention; and shall supervise local autonomous organizations. Section 16: The Chief of the Department of Foreign Affairs shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to diplomacy, treaties, and agreements with foreign nations, and citizens abroad. Section 17: The Chief of the Department of National Defense shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to the military administration of the Army, Navy, and Air Forces. Section 18: The Chief of the Department of Finance shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to Government accounts, receipts and disbursements, bonds, taxes, currency, financial institutions, and monopolies. Section 19: The Chief of the Department of Justice shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to public prosecutions; administration of penal institutions and questions of personnel of the Judicial Branch of the Government. DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 10 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I Section 20: The Chief of the Department of Education shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to education in general and technical education, science art, athletics and other cultural activities. Section 21: The Chief of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to agriculture, forestry, livestock breeding, silk industry, food, irrigation and farm land. Section 22: The Chief of the Department of Commerce and Industry shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to commerce, mining, fisheries, industry, electricity, weights and measures, patents and foreign trade. Section 23: The Chief of the Department of Social Affairs shall have jurisdiction over all matters pertaining to labor, public health, welfare, and problems concerning women. Section 24: The Chief of the Department of Transportation shall have jurisdiction over all matters concerning transportation by land, water, and air. Section 25: The Chief of the Department of Communications shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to mail service, telegraph and telephone, Government insurance and postal savings on a small scale. Section 26: The Chief of each department of the Executive Branch shall control and supervise his subordinate officials and the heads of local administrative bodies with regard to matters under his jurisdiction. Section 27: The Chief of each department of the Executive Branch shall assume responsibility for all matters under his jurisdiction. In case it is doubtful which department has jurisdiction over certain matters and such matters are related to two or more departments, jurisdiction shall be determined by a meeting of the State Council Section 28: In case of necessity, the Chief of each department of the Executive Branch may, in matters related to his jurisdiction, submit to the meeting of the State Council a draft referring to the enactment, amendment, or repeal of laws or presidential orders. Section 29: Each department of the Executive Branch shall have a Deputy Chief of the Department. The Deputy Chief of the department, under the orders of the Department Chief, shall supervise and coordinate internal matters; he shall deputize for the department Chief in case the latter cannot perform his duties for any reason. Chapter IV - Organizations Subordinate to the Prime Minister Section 30: The Office of Administration (General Affairs), the Office of Public Information, the Office of Legislation, and the Planning Office shall be subordinate to the Prime Minister; each office shall have one director, and in case of necessity, one deputy director. Each director shall coordinate the work in the office under his jurisdiction and shall control and supervise the subordinate Government officials. Section 31: The Director of the Office of Administration shall have jurisdictio over matters pertaining to general affairs, conferring of honors, documents and accounts, and personnel and financial affairs of the State Council. Section 32: The Director of the Office of Public Information shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to the proclamation of laws and ordinances, public information, propaganda, statistics, printing, and publication and copy rights. Section 33: The Director of the Office of Legislation shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to drafting and analyzing proposed bills and orders whic shall be submitted to the State Council meeting. 11 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I Section 24: The Director of the Planning Office shall have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to establishment of an over-all plan on financial and economic affairs, financial institutions, industry, raw materials, and price of commodities, and the preparation of a draft budget to be submitted to the meeting of the State Council. Section 35: An Economic Board shall be established within the Planning Office. The Chairman of the Planning Office shall be the Chairman of the Economic Board and the Board shall be composed of the following members to be appointed by the President: (1) One person each to be selected from among members of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Commerce and Industry, Department of Finance, Department of Transportation, Department of Communications, Department of Social Affairs, Department of Internal Affairs. (2) Four persons to be selected from industrial and financial circles. (3) Two persons to be selected from members of learned societies. The Economic Board shall prepare the over-all plan on financial and economic problems to be submitted to the meeting of the State Council and shall advise the State Council. Chapter V — Civil Service Committee Section 36: The Civil Service Committee shall have jurisdiction to examine the qualifications of public employees subordinate to the President and to select such employees. Section 37: The Civil Service Committee shall be composed of one Chairman, and some members to be appointed by the President. Section 38: Unless otherwise specifically provided by law, all Government employees shall be examined and selected by the Civil Service Committee in accordance with the law concerning the employment of Government employees. Section 39: The detailed regulations pertaining to the Civil Service Committee shall be determined by presidential order. Chapter VI — Inspection Committee Section 40: The Inspection Committee shall have jurisdiction over all matters pertaining to the inspection of public employees subordinate to the President. Public employees in the meaning of the foregoing paragraph shall not include members of the National Assembly and judges. Section 41: The Inspection Committee shall be composed of a chairman and 8 members to be appointed by the President. Section 42: The term of a member of the Inspection Committee shall be five years. A member may be re-appointed consecutively. Section 43: In case a public employee violates a law or acts contrary to good morals, the Inspection Committee shall investigate the facts; if justified by evidence, it may by a majority vote, decide to inflict disciplinary punishment. When it has been decided to inflict disciplinary punishment, the judgement shall be forwarded to the Chief of the administrative department concerned for enforcement; provided that notice of disciplinary punishment inflicted upon employees enumerated in Section 46 of the Constitution shall be given to the National Assembly. 12 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 74570 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE of the Democratic Republic of Korea STATE COUNCIL Headed by President, Includes Prime Minister and other ministers. National Assembly Office of General Affairs Inspection Committee Office of Public Information PRIME MINISTER Audit Board PRESIDENT Office of Legislation Bureau of Budget Examination Committee Office of Planning Economic Committee Courts Vice President Responsibility Membership 23 JULY 1948 Dept. Internal Affairs Dept. Foreign Affairs Dept. Agricul. & Forestry Dept. Commerce Industry Dept. Finance Dept. Education Dept. Justice Dept. Social Affairs Dept. National Defense Dept. Transport- ion Dept. Communicat- ion 13 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I Section 44: Whenever it is deemed necessary, the Inspection Committee shall be authorized to request from the Government Agency concerned, relevant documents, to examine such documents and to ask for opinions. Section 45: No member of the Inspection Committee shall participate in politics or be engaged in commercial activities. Section 46: No member of the Inspection Committee shall be removed, suspended, or have his salary reduced unless by impeachment or criminal punishment. Section 47: The detailed regulations pertaining to the Inspection Committee shall be provided by presidential order. Supplementary Rules Section 48: This law shall be effective on the date of its promulgation by the Speaker of the National Assembly. Section 49: Matters related to the transfer of each agency of the Executive Branch of the Government which is in existence at the time of the promulgation of this law shall be determined by presidential order. (2) Analysis of Organizational Law The following analysis of Government Organization Law was made by Ernst FRAENKEL, Advisor to the United States Liaison Committee headed by Brigadier General John WECKERLING: "The Government Organization Law is designed to supplement Chapter IV (Government) of the Constitution. Its main function is to carry out Art. 75 of the Constitution which provides that 'the organization and function of each department of the Executive Branch shall be determined by law.' The law spells out in greater detail the jurisdiction of the President over the various departments and agencies of the Executive Branch; it provides for the establishment of a Civil Service Committee and an Inspection Committee and prescribes in general terms their jurisdiction. "International Aspects of the Government Organization Law: "Section 49 is the only provision of the Government Organization law which has some bearing on the relationship between the occupying power and the future Korean government. This section provides that matters related to the transfer of the various executive agencies, at present in existence, to the future Korean National Government shall be determined by Presidential order. "The authority vested in the President to issue orders related to the transfer of government agencies implies the power to negotiate with the occupying power with a view to preparing such transfer. The authority vested in the President by Section 49 Government Organization Law is derived from Article 58 of the Constitution which provides that 'the President may issue orders within the framework of the powers delegated to him....' Since the President is authorized in advance to take all steps necessary to accomplish the transfer of existing government agencies to the future National Government the President does not need the consent of the National Assembly for the conclusion of an agreement with the occupying power in matters covered by Section 49 Government Organization Law. "Power of the President: "The Government Organization Law strengthens considerably the power of the President. "Section 2 of the law provides that the President is authorized to 'direct and control all organizations of the Executive Branch....'; he may, in action, 'suspend or repeal orders or dispositions established by the Prime Minister, Department Chiefs, and heads of local administrative bodies.....' 134 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I "It should be noted that the Civil Service Committee is an agency subordinate to the President, subject to his direction and control. Since the Civil Service Committee lacks independence, it would be misleading to compare the Civil Service Committee to the Civil Service Commission of the United States. "The Inspection Committee is a quasi-judicial board with jurisdiction to enforce the disciplinary provisions of the civil service law against all government employees of the executive branch. Although the members of the Inspection Committee enjoy a certain independence comparable to the position of judges (Section 46) the Inspection Committee is not a court in the meaning of Chapter V of the Constitution. The Inspection Committee is therefore subject to the directives and control of the President, as prescribed in Section 2 of the Government Organization Law. 2. Non-Communist Opposition to Separate Governments a. Two KIMs Reiterate Anti-Separate Government Stand KIM Koo and KIM Kyu Sik, leaders of the non-communist opposition to "separate governments," jointly issued a statement on 19 July in which they expressed strong disapproval of the formation of a separate government in North KOREA. The two KIMs declared that "there is no independence without unity" and forecast that "without independence the people are certain to face destruction." Continuing, the North Koreans were criticized for disregarding the agreements reached in PYONGYANG last April by proclaiming the establishment of a People's Republic based on a constitution unilaterally adopted. Although the methods used in establishing separate governments in North and South KOREA differ, actions in either zone "divide the nation and will lead the people into bloodshed," they declared. The KIMs promised that they would continue to promote unified independence. COMMENT: This joint statement in effect duplicated statements issued by the organizations of the two KIMs, the NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE FEDERATION and the KOREAN INDEPENDENCE PARTY, on 14 and 15 July, respectively, (see W/S #148, Part I, B, 2) announcing a deprecatory view of the developments toward the establishment of a separate government in the Soviet zone. (See W/S #148, Part II, B, 3). KIM Koo Press Interview On the following day KIM Koo told newspapermen that he was "insulted" by rumors that he would participate in "a separate government." COMMENT: The effects of this statement on the balloting for the vice-presidency that afternoon (see B, 1, a) is indeterminable. Although KIM Koo received a sizeable number of votes, his chances for winning the post were slight, largely because his archenemy, the HANKOOK DEMOCRATIC PARTY, was unalterably opposed to him. b. Southern Team for Unification Formally Organized The SOCIETY FOR THE ACCELERATION OF UNIFIED INDEPENDENCE was formally organized in SEOUL on 21 July. The KOREAN INDEPENDENCE PARTY, the DEMOCRATIC INDEPENDENCE PARTY, the LABORING PEOPLES' PARTY, the SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY, the NEW PROGRESSIVE PARTY and the POPULAR ALLIANCE are among the participants. Only the KIP, KIM Koo's party has been considered "rightist" in the past. The others are moderate parties of various and varying hues. DECLASSIFIED Authority N[illegible]O 745070 17 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I COMMENT: Except for the inclusion of KIM Koo's KIP, the SOCIETY FOR ACCELERATION OF UNIFIED INDEPENDENCE is a duplication of KIM Kyu Sik's NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE FEDERATION, the same old crowd of politically impotent dissidents who declined to participate in the election. The component parts hang together loosely, and the question as to whether membership is to be derived by organizations or (desirable) individuals has not been satisfactorily solved. 3. North Korean Plan for PYONGYANG Conference The North Korean communists have initiated a plan to include 360 South Korean delegates to a General Unity Conference preparatory to the 25 August elections in North KOREA. Of these 360 delegates, plans are that 40% will be from the DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES FRONT, 20% from the "Intermediate" parties (LABORING PEOPLES PARTY, DEMOCRATIC INDEPENDENCE PARTY, and SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY), 20% from rightist elements, and 20% from non-party individuals. Each group is supposed to send three men for each delegate allotted, and after they reach PYONGYANG, a South KOREA Election Committee composed of PAK Hyung Yung, HONG Myung Hi, and LEE Yung, will determine which of the three will be the actual delegate. (B-3) 4. Civil Unrest a. Planned Guerilla Activity According to information received from an official of the left wing, guerilla activities will commence in South KOREA after the 25 August election in North KOREA, involving: 1. Men now hiding in mountains, already active in a minor way ; 2. Men already prepared in the cities and ready to take to the field ; 3. Cheju Do people; and 4. Infiltrators from North KOREA, including members of the IN MIN GUN, coming down to South KOREA singly and not as units. b. Communist Guerilla Concentration Areas Reports of communist "action" squads, etc., in mountainous areas have been received for several months. The following is a resume. (Numbers in parentheses refer to areas on the map, page 21.) KYONGSANG PUKTO: Police action against communists of this province has been continuous since the general election. Sporadic demonstrations and acts of violence arise from time to time, but no definite, wide spread uprising has been launched by the communists. This province, however, has long been an actual or potential "hotbed" and remains so, even though quiet at the moment except for occasional, isolated attacks. Recent reports indicate that the Sobaek Mountain range (1), west and northwest of Taegu (1150-1430) is being utilized as a hideout area and possibly as a future base of operations by segments of the People's Liberation Army. An F-6 source states that approximately 2,000 members are located in these mountains. KYONGGI DO: Communist activity in the mountains during the past two weeks has centered around the Yanp'Yong (1040-1630) area (2). Reports concerning North KOREA agents, Chinese communist agents, and South Korea Labor Party members have been received indicating that the town and the nearby Taebaek mountain area are being utilized for meeting points, hideouts, storage points, etc. No estimate of communist strength in the area has been received. The police have take little positive action against the stronghold. 18 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I KANGWON DO: The South Korea Labor Party and its affiliates have found that it is almost impossible to coordinate any activities in the villages and towns because of police raids and arrests, and have taken to the mountains. Many reports from this province indicate that the mountain area,(3),west of Chumunjin (1170-1680) has been utilized by the "Flying Column" attacking force as a base of operations and hideout. Recent South Korea Labor Party directives state that all branches must send scouts to investigate mountains, temples, and forests and submit a report on the findings. No strength estimate has been received. CHOLLA PUKTO and KYONGSANG NAMDO: Reports received from the Police and CIC reveal that the southern Taebaek mountain rage area, (4), on the border between these two provinces, is also being used by communist guerilla forces. Police action has surpressed communist activities to some extent; however, the forests and high rocky areas make it almost impossible to ferret out the main hideouts of the South Korea Vanguard Action Corps and other guerilla units. No strength estimate has been received. CHUNGCHONG PUKTO: The South Korea Labor Party, acting upon orders received from Seoul headquarters, has been organizing scouting parties to search for hideouts and strongholds in the Taebaek mountain area, (5), to be used as bases for future guerilla activities. Several raids conducted by the Police and the many arrests made in this area may have done much to counteract the communist plans; however, recent reports indicate that the communists are achieving some success in establishing mountain bases. No strength estimate has been received. c. Weekly Violence Summary A summary of acts of violence involving communists for the week as reported up to 23 July is as follows: [TABLE with columns: Seoul, Kyongg[i] Do, Kangwon Do, Chung-[chong] Namdo, Chungchon Pukto, Cholla Namdo, Cholla Pukto, Kyongsang Namdo, Kyongsang Pukto, Cheju Do, Total] Attacks on towns Attacks on police 1 1 Police killed Communists killed [illegible] 1 2 Rightists killed Demonstrations, disorders arson, & attacks on rightists 3 1 4 Attacks on government buildings Sabotage (communications) Sabotage (RR lines) Sabotage (roads) Sabotage (bridges) Sabotage (power) Strikes (labor) Strikes (schools) 19 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I d. Delayed Reports Covering Last Week Delayed reports of incidents that occurred during the week ending 16 July which were not carried in last week's summary (see Part I, B, 3, a, W/S #148) are: Seoul | Kyonggi-Do | Kangwon-Do | Chungchong Nando | Chungchong Pukto | Cholla Nando | Cholla Pukto | Kyongsang Nando | Kyongsang Pukto | Cheju-Do | Total Attacks on towns Attacks on police Police killed Communists Killed 1 1 2 Rightists killed Demonstration, disorders, arson, & attacks on rightists 1 1 2 Attacks on government buildings Sabotage (communications) Sabotage (RR lines) Sabotage (roads) Sabotage (bridges) Sabotage (power) Strikes (labor) Strikes (schools) e. 1948 Communist Activities In South KOREA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY* TOTAL Attacks on towns 0 0 0 5 73 9 1 88 Attacks on police 0 130 118 50 86 12 6 402 Police killed 0 33 20 15 34 4 1 107 Rightists killed 1 14 14 81 144 51 10 315 Communist killed 1 74 75 70 155 83 15 473 Disorders, demonstrations, arson & attacks on rightists' offices & homes 6 118 69 126 196 81 21 617 Attacks on government buildings 0 9 14 2 9 3 0 37 Sabotage (communications)14 53 58 32 57 8 1 223 Sabotage (RR lines) 1 12 6 0 8 0 1 28 Sabotage (Locomotives) 0 50 0 0 24 0 0 74 Sabotage (roads) 0 13 5 2 5 0 0 25 Sabotage (bridges) 0 6 9 5 4 0 0 24 Sabotage (power) 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 8 Strikes (labor) 0 14 6 3 16 1 0 40 Strikes (schools) 0 7 5 4 9 0 0 25 Attacks on registration & election booths 0 0 0 58 68 0 0 126 * Incomplete 20 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND745070 미국자료 IV 213 4.3미국자료집 4권210716.qxp_레이아웃 1 21. 7. 20. 오후 3:33 페이지 214 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I CIVIL UNREST CHART HWANGHAE-DO KANGWON-DO 38! .Chunchon Seoul x KYONGGI-DO x 3 x JAPAN SEA PUNTO CHUNGCHONG 5 YELLOW SEA CHUNGCHONG HALIDO KYONGSANGTaejon PUNTO Chonju 1 CHOLLA- .Taegu PUNTO 4 KYONGSANG-NAMDO Kwanju CHOLLA Pusan NAMDO N' So a O 2 O SOUTH KOREA Cheju CHEJU-DO LEGEND O COMMUNIST KILLED COMMUNIST GUERILLA (x x x) CONCENTRATION AREA ⊕ ATTACK ON POLICE 21 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 214 제주4·3사건 추가진상조사자료집 6 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I C. WAR POTENTIAL 1. Economic a. Economic Review (Prepared by the State Department Economic Mission) General: The generation of electric power in South Korea has been stepped up since 10 July from approximately 60,000 kilowatts to an hourly average of about 80,000 kilowatts or 80% of the total supply available immediately before the cut-off of North Korea power on 14 May. The improvement in generation results from the repair of the Chong Pyong and Sun Jin River hydro plants, and the availability of sufficient water to operate them at near capacity; the combined output of the two plants now averages about 50,000 kilowatts. Sufficient water is normally available for continued operation of those hydro plants at the present rate during July and August. Continued efforts are being made to expedite the repair and rehabilitation of South Korea's thermal generating plants, which must serve as the major source of power during the fall and winter months when hydro production falls off due to an inadequate supply of water. The Electri Power Mission has completed a survey of South Korea's power facilities and expects to leave Seoul for Washington on 26 July and to submit the report of its findings in Washington by 1 August. Over-all prices were relatively steady during the first half of July, although black-market prices of summer grains declined an average of about 8% from the previous all-time peaks reached 1 July. The black-marke price of rice in Seoul remains fairly steady at a peak level of 1100 won per small mal, but has increased to over 1250 won per small mal in Pusan. The currency issue was 30,540,000,000 won as of 19 July. This is an increase of 505,000,000 won since 30 June and is mainly the result of government purchases of summer grain Food and Agriculture The National Crop Reporting Board's official harvest estimate for 1948 summer grain is 628,745 metric tons of rough grain, or 554,798 metric tons of polished grain. This is 17.4% below the preliminary estimate issued in May; the decrease results mainly from the drought which caused a failure of the crop to head out in many areas. The production estimate is 4% above 1947, but only 58% of 1940-1944 annual average. Planted acreage is slightly above 1947, but only 66.9% of the 1940-1944 annual average (full details included in Seoul Political dispatch No. 213, July 24). The 1948 summer grain collection program is off to a good start with 36% of the goal of 107,000 metric tons of polished grains or equivalent collected as of 21 July. Transplanting of the 1948 rice crop was completed by 20 July. The growing season for 1948 rice has been generally favorable thus far, although early in July typhoons and accompanying floods, hail storms, and breaks in several sea dikes resulted in heavy damage in certain local areas. Official estimates of the 1948 rice acreage will not be issued until August, but preliminary reports indicate a total of 2,750,000 acres, or about the same as in 1947, and 10% greater than the 1940-1944 annual average. The food distribution program continues to be hampered by ever increasing ration rolls, which have compelled the National Food Administration to reduce the daily ration of normal consumers to a maximum of 280 grams (2 hop) of rice, other cereals, and flour per person per day. The current daily ration in Seoul is 1.2 hop of rice and .8 hop of other grains, flour or sugar. Present ration rolls include 9,951,000 non-self-suppliers. The increase in ration rolls by over one-half million during first half of 1948 is explained only partially by influx of refugees from northern Korea during the period. Korean refugees passing through South Korea Interim Government refugee centers from North Korea totalled 68,000 during the first half of 1948. 22 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I Refugees entering South Korea clandestinely during same period probably did not exceed 68,000. Korean officials admit that the number of so-called "ghosts" on the ration rolls has increased substantially during the past year, despite concerted efforts to eliminate fictitious registrants. There is a growing need for a national census in South Korea to determine accurately the actual population by ration categories, and for closer control over the issuance of ration cards. c. Industrial and Mining Production Increased availability of electric power since 10 July has resulted in an upswing in industrial production. Over-all production dropped to about 50% following the cut-off of North Korea power, but is currently operating at about 75% of the March-April 1948 level. In the SAMCHUK area carbide, soap and cement plants reopened last week after a two month shut-down due to a lack of power, as did other small plants throughout South Korea. The production outlook (apart from the question of power supply) is better now than at any other time since the end of the war. During the past year many plants have been rehabilitated, significant quantities of raw materials have been imported through GARIOA or private trade channels, and management and labor efficiency has improved noticeably. The over-all monthly production during the first half of 1948 increased substantially over a similar period in 1947. The anthracite coal production from five major mines, including YONGMOL, averaged 61,000 metric tons monthly during the first six months of 1948, as compared to 130,000 in 1944 (all time peak output) 20,000 in 1946, and 35,000 in 1947. Textile production has been off 25% since the power cut-off, but the monthly cotton yarn output in major plants for the first half of 1948 averaged 675 metric tons, 23% above 1947. However, the cotton cloth output in major plants averaged only 2.3 million yards per month during the first half of 1948, 12% below the 1947 average. Production of rubber products, in which Koreans have more management experience than in most other industries, is steadily increasing as imports of raw rubber arrive in adequate quantities. The current monthly production of 2 million pairs of rubber shoes, 1000 tires, 8000 bicycle tires and 8000 rice rollers, is more than double the 1947 monthly average and exceeds the 1937 monthly production. Cigarette production during the first half of 1948 was up 24%, and cut tobacco output was up 50% over 1947. About 65,000 metric tons of salt was produced during the first half of 1948, 8% above the 1947 production for the same period. Machine industry was also making slow but steady progress toward rehabilitation before the power cut-off curtailed production sharply. Monthly mineral production was generally greater during the first half of 1948 than in 1947, but the average production was less than 20% of the peak output under the Japanese. Tungsten (60% WO3) production has averaged 120 metric tons per month for the past four months as compared to 400 tons per month in 1944. Graphite output is expanding; the current monthly output averages 800 metric tons of amorphous, 80 metric tons of crystalline, as compared to a monthly output of 3000 and 300 metric tons respectively in 1944. Many industries, such as paper and pottery, continue to produce at only a fraction of their capacity, because of shortages of either raw materials or of coal. 23 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I c. Price & Wage Indexes in SEOUL MONTHLY INDEXES OF RETAIL PRICES AND WAGES IN SEOUL (1935 = 100) 1944 1945 1946 Prices Wages Prices Wages Prices Wages JAN 213 210 238 246 8,543 3,581 FEB 214 213 238 247 9,353 3,865 MAR 218 214 242 253 11,645 4,212 APR 219 216 249 275 13,312 4,960 MAY 222 220 254 277 13,772 6,570 JUN 226 220 259 282 14,932 6,772 JUL 227 222 ---- 293 15,808 6,996 AUG 228 226 3,359 ---- 17,795 7,371 SEPT 232 231 3,813 ---- 19,317 9,262 OCT 235 235 4,905 ---- 21,195 9,667 NOV 236 239 5,795 ---- 22,462 10,976 DEC 237 242 7,335 2,724 26,622 11,186 AV. 225 224 5,042 ---- 16,211 7,118 1947 1948 Prices Wages Prices Wages JAN 33,272 11,450 63,253 17,447 FEB 38,894 11,771 65,226 19,076 MAR 38,486 12,568 64,876 19,122 APR 36,517 14,043 64,405 19,230 MAY 36,101 14,442 64,766 19,253 JUN 37,431 15,093 66,246 19,624 JUL 38,635 15,666 AUG 39,665 15,930 SEP 41,444 16,299 OCT 42,951 16,575 NOV 51,753 17,235 DEC 55,961 17,088 AV 40,926 14,843 Source: Bank of Chosun 25 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I 2. Population a. Surrendered and Disarmed — No change: 189,376 b. Progress of Repatriation This Period To Date Japanese Civilians Arriving from N of 38° N'KOREA, CHINA and MANCHURIA 0 288,529 Japanese Evacuated to JAPAN 0 884,139 Total Koreans Returning 2,065* 2,143,460 Total Repatriates Moved Since 15 Aug. 45 3,028,113 c. Koreans Apprehended While Attempting Illegal Entry to Japan 24,611 *Incomplete report 26 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I D. PSYCHOLOGICAL .The Press 1. Editorial Reaction The Constitution: The adoption of the Constitution was fervently welcomed by the majority of non-leftist newspapers. Rightist DAE HAN ILBO (Great Korean Daily) greeted the completion of the document as the long awaited relief from the centuries of oppression undergone by the Korean people. Enforcement of the Constitution's provisions, stated editor LEE Chong Hyong, should be democratic, and every effort should be made to protect personal rights. Moderate SEOUL SHIN MUN (Seoul Daily News) began an editorial with: "The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of KOREA has at last been proclaimed! " The editor expressed pride in the text of the document which permitted the birth of a "democratic republic wherein the people are sovereign, but he asserted that it was "regrettable" that the Constitution applies to only half of the country. The CHOSUN ILBO (Korean Daily News), a staunch supporter of the NorthSouth coalition, soberly warned that not all constitutional governments are representative governments. Many instances of suppression of the masses by "privileged groups" in the name of democracy were witnessed prior to World War II, it was stated. The present situation is a setting for a civil war; the problems of foremost importance are "unification and international relations." All these problems concluded CHOSUN ILBO "will be solved eventually." RHEE's Election: RHEE Syng Man's election as President on 20 July (see Part I, B, 1, a) was widely acclaimed by the right-wing Seoul press. PYUNG HWA ILBO, HYUN DAI ILBO, DONG A ILBO, and KYENG HYANG SHIN MUN were particularly enthusiastic in extending their congratulations to RHEE, who, according to HYUN DAI ILBO, "eradicated trusteeship over Korea, demolished red infiltration, and dedicated himself night and day -- neglecting food and sleep in leading the Korean people on the road to genuine independence founded on democratic principles." Moderate CHA YOO SHIN MUN (Korean Free Press) attempted to erase the "anxiety" that is felt because of RHEE's old age by reminding its readers that Winston CHURCHILL, British wartime Prime Minister, led his country through a crisis when he was "past seventy." Communist-line CHOSUN CHOONG ANG ILBO (Korean Central Daily) stated, in effect: RHEE Syng Man has been elected President; LEE Si Yung, Vice-Presi- dent. KOREA remains divided. We have reached the crisis. 2. New English-Language Newspaper The publication of a new English-language newspaper, the third now being published in SEOUL (see W/S, #142, Part I, 4, b), was launched on 21 July. The UNION DEMOCRAT, "spokesman of Korean democracy," is to be published semi-weekly. It "stands for": "...the people ruling themselves...the freedom of the individual...a spiritual union of the country...a speedy union of North and South KOREA...the union of all true democrats (ortho-democrats in contradistinction from pseudo-democrats, who sometimes mendaciously style themselves as 'progressive democrats')...." Other distinctive features of this newspaper include: (1) better quality paper than that used by the moderate SEOUL TIMES; (2) better English than the RHEE-supporting PEACE DAILY; (3) anglicized arrangement of Korean names -- e. g., Koo Kin, Ik Hi Shin, Man Sik Cho; and (4) almost one-third of its one-sheet, tabloid-size first issue occupied by advertisements of the HWASIN enterprises controlled by PAK Hung Sik, who is regarded by many Koreans, including a substantial portion of his own employees, as the prototype of a "pro-Japanese." PAK, one of the wealthiest individuals in KOREA, is a supporter of the HANKOOK DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 27 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I The editor of the UNION DEMOCRAT, 63 (?)-year-old SHIN Hyung Woo (he spells it Cynn Hugh Heung-wu), attended UCLA and Vanderbilt University, and obtained a Ph.D. from Columbia University. He is known as a prominent Methodist, an excellent organizer, a "pro-Japanese" and "opportunist," a foe of the Communists, and was once under consideration as a replacement for CHANG Duk Soo, assassinated chief of the Political Section of the HANKOOK DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 28 DECLASSIFIED Authority N[illegible]D745070 XXIV CORPS G-2 W/S #149 PART I E. SABOTAGE AND ESPIONAGE An apprehended agent from North KOREA stated that 450 agents from the North Korean Constabulary had been or were to be dispatched to South KOREA to instigate riots and gather information. (F-6) 29 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 745070